 Report by Chris Ryan. The idea of the European Patent Litigators Association (EPLIT) to run a mock UPC trial [IEF 15506]  based on the famous Improver v Remington litigation of the late  eighties and early nineties struck me as a really interesting idea when I  first heard the suggestion.  It turned out to be a fascinating and  highly educational experience when it was run last Friday (22 January)  at the Sofitel Bayerpost Hotel conveniently close to Munich station.
Report by Chris Ryan. The idea of the European Patent Litigators Association (EPLIT) to run a mock UPC trial [IEF 15506]  based on the famous Improver v Remington litigation of the late  eighties and early nineties struck me as a really interesting idea when I  first heard the suggestion.  It turned out to be a fascinating and  highly educational experience when it was run last Friday (22 January)  at the Sofitel Bayerpost Hotel conveniently close to Munich station.
     
    
        The Improver litigation did more than establish the “Improver questions”  in English law for assessing equivalence ([1990] FSR 181).  It led to a  series of decisions around Europe, based on the same European patent  and the same alleged infringement, in which judges reached very  different conclusions on the question of whether a claim for a “helical  spring comprising a plurality of adjacent windings” covered a solid  rubber rod with slits cut into it, which was capable of performing the  same task – pulling out hair when set up in an arcuate configuration and  rotated at speed around its axis. Will the arrival of the UPC  repair the fault line in the European Patent system, which the Improver  story so clearly identified?  On the evidence of the mock trial it will  do just that.  The “mock” Local Division in Munich reached a decision on  validity and infringement which took effect in every designated Member  State albeit that it may take time to develop a body of interpreted law  and procedure that is consistent across the territory of the EU and  distinct from that of the individual Member States from which judges may  be drawn.
The panel of judges consisted of Prof Haedicke  (Oberlandesgericht in Düsseldorf), Mr Zigann (Landgericht in Munich) and  Mr Van Walderveen (District Court in The Hague).  They were joined by  Mr Klein as Technical Judge (formerly of the Boards of Appeal of the  European Patent Office).
The patent proprietor was represented by  Rainer Beetz (Sonn and Partner, Austria) and Leythem Wall (Finnegan  Europe LLP, Great Britain).  The defendant was represented by  Marek  Lazewski (Lazewski Depo and Partners, Poland) and Jan Stein (Ipracraft  AB, Sweden). The case documents had been prepared by these  representatives together with Markus Rieck (Fuchs Patent Attorneyes,  Germany). 
I found the main trial (in the afternoon) was slightly  less interesting than the Case Management Conference which preceded it  in the morning.  The final conclusion was that the patent was valid and  infringed.  However, it was not the outcome that I found most  interesting.  It was the differences in approach adopted by advocates  and judges and the manner in which the presiding judge ran the business  of the trial.
On the first point, the debate on validity turned on  inventiveness over two elements of prior art.  It was not entirely clear  (to me, at least) which of several available tests for determining  inventiveness was being relied on at different stages of the debate  between the judges and the advocates, or in the judges’ deliberation  over their conclusion.  Similarly, in respect of the infringement issue,  all parties seemed to agree that two questions required to be asked by  the judges but were unsure whether there was a third question and, if  so, what it should be.  I suspect that all the judges were deliberately  staying within the comfort zone of the approach that would be adopted at  each stage within their own domestic courts.  Their approach certainly  illustrated the challenge facing the UPC (at both first instance and  appeal level) of establishing a body of jurisprudence over time which  will be distinct from the law emanating from national courts.
The  second point that struck me was the power of the presiding judge in  setting an agenda and then outlining each issue in some detail before  inviting the parties’ advocates to address it.  It may be, of course,  that the stark contrast with the way in which a case would be conducted  in London was accentuated by the artificiality and time constraints of a  mock trial.  And no doubt those familiar with EPO hearings will find  the inquisitorial approach and management of the debate on each issue  more familiar.  It certainly led to a crisply efficient disposal of each  element of the case and the dispute as a whole.
Firm management of  the process and the emergence of national differences in approach were  even more evident during the Case Management Conference. 
The  organisers of the event had tweaked some of the facts of the original  case in order to create some interesting preliminary issues.  Had the  proprietor opted back into the exclusive competence of the UPC in time  where the defendant had issued an application for a declaration of  non-infringement in the English Court on the same day as that on which  the application to opt back in was entered on the register (Rule 5.9 –  opt out not permitted where “an action has been commenced before a court  of a Contracting Member State …prior to the entry of the [opt back in]  Application in the register…”).  If it had, should the UPC proceedings  nevertheless be stayed under the Brussels Regulation’ requirements to  avoid multiplicity of proceedings.  And if the proceedings were still on  their feet after those two challenges did the Local Division have  jurisdiction over the dispute, given that, first the only sales in  Germany had been a couple made by a third party who had acquired the  goods in Poland and on-sold them in Germany against the wishes of the  defendant and, secondly, very substantial sales had been made in the UK.
There  was also an application at the Case Management Conference to strike out  the claim of literal infringement because it was unarguable  (application granted by the Rapporteur but reviewed at the main hearing,  when the ruling was reversed) and the court required the  claimant/plaintiff to amend the request for remedies (prayer for relief)  by providing a great deal more detail as to the scope of the injunction  sought.  The amended version available at the main hearing tracked the  language of the relevant patent claims in identifying which products  would be covered and even included a photograph of the defendant’s  product.  The difference between the precision of drafting expected in,  for example, the German courts was contrasted with the broad scope of  injunction sought and granted in the English courts.  In this case the  German pattern prevailed, designed, it was said, so that a court bailiff  called upon to enforce it would have no doubt as to whether a product  he came across did or did not fall within the scope of the court order.
Other  issues touched upon included the language of the proceedings (English  because it was one of the languages which the Local Division had  designated), translation facilities at the main hearing, summoning of  witnesses, the appointment of a technical judge and, in the light of his  appointment, the need for any expert evidence (and in which field of  technology), as well as security for costs.
Listening to the  well-structured submissions on each of the issues raised, and then  eavesdropping on the judges as they considered their decision, proved to  be an extremely effective means of improving (gaining) familiarity with  the relevant procedural rules.  The judges helpfully paced both the  debate with the advocates and their own deliberations to assist the  audience in tracing each issue, and the decision made on it, back to the  language of the current draft of the rules.
Judges, advocates and  organisers are to be congratulated on an extremely informative and  interesting learning experience.   Another success for the increasingly  effective Association which brings patent attorneys together from around  Europe in its continuing efforts to assist their preparations for the  new court and to influence the way it will operate.
Chris Ryan